Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
PhD student in Contemporary History of the Islamic World, Institute of Higher Education for Islamic Sciences and Education, Al-Mustafa Al-Alamiyah University, Qom, Iran
2
Assistant Professor of Islamic History and Civilization, Al-Mustafa Al-Alamiyah University, Qom, Iran
Abstract
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a large part of the Islamic world was under the control of the Tsarist Russian Empire. The Islamic world's encounter with Western modernity had put Islamic civilization on the verge of stagnation, and on the other hand, Tsarist Russia's efforts to join progressive European countries had increased the oppressive pressure on the Muslims of this empire. During this period, in line with other parts of the Islamic world, in Tsarist Russia, the process of modernism and modernization in order to keep up with European civilization was the most important issue of the day for Islamic societies. Many thinkers, including Ismail Beg Gasperinsky, sought to solve the great problems and challenges of Islamic culture and civilization and to remove the obstacles to progress and backwardness of Muslims. He proposed various ideas for Islamic societies to escape from decline, which were widely welcomed among intellectuals and Muslims of the Tsarist Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and other Islamic countries, and when implemented, they were accompanied by significant changes and impacts in Islamic societies. This research, using a qualitative method and a descriptive-analytical approach, and using historical sources, seeks to answer the main question: What were the causes of Muslim backwardness and the ways out of it in the thought of Ismail Beg Gasperinsky? The research hypothesis is that in Gasperinsky's view, indifference to science, intellectual stagnation, economic stagnation, discord and division, and colonialism were the main factors of backwardness, and to eliminate them, he emphasized reforming the educational system, developing the media, uniting Muslims, and achieving women's rights. According to the findings of this research, Gasperinsky's modernist measures in the areas of media, education, and uniting Muslims had important consequences, including the establishment of new schools, the creation of a common literary language, the establishment of a Muslim union, strengthening religious identity, and improving the status of women, etc.
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